Origins of the Assassins The Assassins (Hashshashin) were a Nizari Ismaili sect that emerged in the late 11th century under the leadership of Hassan-i Sabbah, a Persian missionary and strategist. They established a series of fortified mountain strongholds in Persia and Syria, with their most famo

Introduction The Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, established in 1099 after the First Crusade, was a complex and volatile polity characterized by religious fervor, military conflict, and political intrigue. Among the many actors influencing the fate of the Latin Kingdom were the Nizari Ismaili Assa

Architectural Features The gatehouse is an exemplary piece of medieval military architecture. It is constructed primarily of Magnesian limestone, with thick walls, crenellations, and defensive features such as murder holes—openings through which defenders could attack invaders. Archaeolo

Symbol of York’s Identity Micklegate Bar stands as a powerful symbol of York’s identity. It embodies the city’s long history from Roman times through medieval and early modern periods to the present. Its imposing presence reminds residents and visitors of the city’s resili